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Harrat Lunayyir, Saudi Arabia
Official, Figure in a journal article
Vent opening simulation in the SW part of the Option 4 area
Figure S2 in: Németh, K., Sowaigh, A., Ashor, M., Toni, M., & Sokolov, V. (2026). Volcanic Hazard Assessment of a Monogenetic Volcanic Field with Sporadic and Limited Information: Deterministic Approach for Harrat Lunayyir, Saudi Arabia. GeoHazards, 7(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards7010033

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Access or danger zone
Acid rain
Ash-cloud surges
Ballistics
Caldera-formation hazards
Debris avalanches
Deformation hazards
Distal hazards
Earthquakes
Explosion hazards, unspecific
Fire
Fissure-opening hazards
Floods or jokulhaups
Flowage hazards
Gas
Geothermal hazards
Lahars
Landslides
Lateral or directed blasts
Lava dome-related hazards
Lava flows
Laze
Lightning
Littoral blasts
PDCs
Proximal hazards
Pumice rafts
Regional hazards
Rockfalls
Sedimentation or erosion
Shockwaves
Surges
Tephra (airborne)
Tephra fall
Tsunami
Unstated or all hazards
Vent-opening hazards
Vog
Water disturbances or marine hazards

Grouped by location
Grouped by process
Hazard level- and process-focused
Hazard level-focused
Hazard process-focused
Single hazard

Background or long-term map
Crisis or short-term map
Very short-term crisis map

Island
Multiple scales
Part of volcano (flank or drainage)
Regional
Summit
User selectable
Volcano and surrounding area

Aviation
Civil protection or emergency management
International aid group
Land-use planning agency
Maritime
Multiple audiences
Public or media
Scientists
Tourists or visitors
Unknown

Crisis response or management
Hazard awareness
Land-use planning
Multiple uses
Scientific interest
Situational awareness
Unknown

Analog geology
Community participation
Derived/simplified from another map
Event tree
Expert elicitation
Geologic history
Monitoring
Probabilistic modeling
Scenario modeling
Spatial modeling
Unknown
Unknown modeling type

AERMOD
ASH3D
ASHFALL
Ballista
Ballistics
BET_VH
Branching kinetic box model
Branching kinetic energy cone model
Buffer model
CALPUFF
DAMBRK
DOWNFLOW
Eject!
Energy cone or line
ERN-Volcano
Etna Lava Flow Model
FALL3D
Flexpart
FLO-2D
FLOW
FLOW2D or FLOW3D
FLOWGO
G-EVER VHASS
Generic/unknown KDE vent-opening model
GPUFLOW
Great Balls of Fire
HASSET
HAZMAP
HEC-RAS
HIMAT-FAO
HYDESim
HYDRAUX
Hydrologic model
Hysplit
Info layer weighting model
LaharFlow
LAHARZ
LavaC
LavaPL
LavaSIM
LAZSLO
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Lines of Steepest Descent
LPAC
MAGFLOW
MatHaz
MOLASSES
MrLavaLoba
MULTIFLOW
MultiHaz lahar model
NAME
Peak Ground Acceleration model
PLUME-MoM-TSM eruption column model
Prandl-Meyer shockwave model
Probabilistic maximum slope model [Felpeto et al., 2001]
Probability Distribution model
PUFF
PyF
PYROFLOW
PYROFLOW ash-cloud surge model
Q-LavHa
QVAST
RAMMS
SCIARA-fv2
SLAG
Spatial Density model
Spatial model
Tephra2
TephraProb
The Debris Flows susceptibility Index
TITAN2D
TWODEE-2
Unamed tsunami travel time model [Marchuk]
Unknown flood model
Unknown flow model
Unknown gas dispersion model
Unknown lahar flow model
Unknown lava flow model
Unknown tephra model
Unnamed ballistic model [Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia & Delgado-Granados (2006)]
Unnamed ballistic model [Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia et al. (2012)]
Unnamed ballistic model [Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (2006)]
Unnamed ballistic model [Nurmawati & Konstantinou (2018)]
Unnamed Bayesian fault vent-opening model [Bevilacqua et al. (2017)]
Unnamed Bayesian KDE vent-opening model [Bevilacqua et al. (2017)]
Unnamed cellular automata lava flow model [Miyamoto & Sasaki (1997)]
Unnamed cellular automata PDC model [Kelfoun et al. 1995]
Unnamed cost-distance model [Barrantes Castillo & Malavassi Rojas (2015)]
Unnamed Cox process model [Diggle & Milne (1983)]
Unnamed ellipse tephra model [Blong (1981)]
Unnamed empirical altitude-length lava flow model
Unnamed empirical area-volume relationship
Unnamed empirical column height-thickness model [Carey & Sparks (1986)]
Unnamed empirical tephra fallout model
Unnamed empirical tephra model [Bertin et al. (2019)]
Unnamed energy cone model [Toyos et al. (2007)]
Unnamed GIS watershed/lavashed model [Kauahikaua et al. (1998)]
Unnamed KDE SAMSE vent-opening model [Connor et al. (2012)]
Unnamed KDE vent-opening model [Connor & Connor (2009)]
Unnamed lahar model [Kuniaki & Ido (2003)]
Unnamed lahar model [Miyamoto & Ito (2003)]
Unnamed lahar travel time model [Pierson (1998)]
Unnamed lava flow model [Cabildo Tenerife (2012)]
Unnamed lava flow model [CAPRA]
Unnamed lava flow model [Marrero et al. (2019)]
Unnamed lava flow model [Miyamoto & Sasaki (1998)]
Unnamed lava flow model [Yamashita (1990)]
Unnamed mass flow model [Mastrolorenzo & Pappalardo (2010)]
Unnamed mass flow model [Yamashita & Miyamoto (1991)]
Unnamed particle sedimentation model [Rossi et al. 2019]
Unnamed shockwave model [Córdoba & Del Risco (1998)]
Unnamed tephra model [Folch & Felpeto (2005)]
Unnamed tephra model [Hoblitt et al. (1987); Hoblitt & Scott (2011)]
Unnamed tephra model [JMA]
Unnamed tephra model [Mastrolorenzo & Pappalardo (2010)]
Unnamed tephra model [Pasquill (1974)]
Unnamed tephra model [Shaw et al. (1974)]
Unnamed tephra model [Suzuki (1985)]
Unnamed topographic lava flow model
Unnamed vent-opening model [Becerril et al. (2013)]
Unnamed weighted avg. vent-opening model [Bevilacqua et al. (2017)]
VAFTAD
Vent Opening Probability
VIGIL
VogCast
VOL-CALPUFF
VolcFire
VolcFlow
VORIS

Alert levels
Analog volcano(es)
Composition
Current conditions
Duration or timing
Effusion rate
Hypothetical location
Most-likely
Most-likely and worst-case
None
Potential topographic change
Season or weather
Size, VEI, or intensity
Source location or direction
Specific past eruption
Style or type
Unknown
Worst-case

Access (exclusion, danger, or safe zones)
Estimated value or Hazard Impact Metric
Hazard process name
Location or source name
Numeric probability
Qualitative relative probability (e.g. high-medium-low)
Recurrence interval
Scenario name
Zones aren't labeled

Alert levels imply probability
Annual numeric probability
No probability definition
Numeric probability
Qualitative relative probability (e.g. high-medium-low)
Recurrence interval
Scenarios imply probability

Arrival time
Ballistic impact density
Ballistic impact energy
Concentration/Density
Crater diameter
Energy
Exposure or susceptibility metric
Factor of Safety
Footprint of inundation
Grain size (isopleth)
Impact, severity, or damage metric
Jump height
Loading
Magnitude
Mass
Model start locations
Number of events/year
Number of simulations
Peak ground acceleration
pH
Pressure or overpressure
Probability of exceeding a persistence/duration threshold
Probability of exceeding an arrival time threshold
Probability of exceeding concentration threshold
Probability of exceeding dosage
Probability of exceeding impact density threshold
Probability of exceeding impact energy threshold
Probability of exceeding load threshold
Probability of exceeding thickness threshold
Probability of inundation
Probability/susceptibility of vent opening
Risk metric
Spatial density
Symbols, arrows, or lines
Text description of hazard location
Text only
Thickness (isopach)
Thickness and grain size (combined)
Velocity
Volume
Whole map
Wind rose

Arrival time & velocity (in text)
Arrival time (in text)
Arrival time (on map)
None
Velocity (in text)
Velocity (on map)

Buffer zones
Color gradation
Confidence limits
Different versions
Fuzzy boundaries
None
Symbology
Text only

Figure in a conference presentation
Figure in a journal article
Figure in a thesis or dissertation
Figure in hazard assessment
Figure on website
Figure or insert in a report
Flyer, brochure, short fact-sheet, or handout
GIS layers
Hiking or trail map
Insert/poster-size map with accompanying report
Interactive web-based map
Map in a booklet, long fact-sheet, or handbook
Map in an information statement
Map sheet or poster
Sign or billboard
Unknown format

Categorical/Qualitative
Dark to Light (color)
Dark to Light (greyscale)
Diverging
Multiple
Other
Purple to Green
Purple to Yellow
Rainbow
Red to Blue
Red to Green
Red to Yellow
Single color
Symbols and/or lines only
Yellow to Blue

Administrative boundaries
Bathymetric map
Contour lines
DEM
Detailed drawing
Flight paths or airspace map
Hillshade
Infrastructure map
Inhabited areas
Land-cover map
Multiple basemaps
No basemap
Photograph
Population map
Satellite image
Simple or sketch map
Station map
Street map
TIN
Topographic map
Trail map
User selectable

Cross-sectional view
Multiple views
Oblique (3D or perspective) view
Planimetric (2D or map) view
User selectable

Main map
Main map and insets
Map inset
Series of small maps
Set of different maps
Text only

Caldera
Complex
Compound
Cone
Crater rows
Explosion crater
Fissure vent
Lava cone
Lava dome
Maar
Pyroclastic cone
Pyroclastic shield
Shield
Stratovolcano
Subglacial
Submarine
Tuff cone
Tuff ring
Tuya
Unknown
Volcanic field
Volcanic remnant

Andesite / Basaltic Andesite
Basalt / Picro-Basalt
Dacite
Foidite
No Data (checked)
Phono-tephrite / Tephri-phonolite
Phonolite
Rhyolite
Trachyandesite / Basaltic trachy-andesite
Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite
Trachyte / Trachyandesite
Trachyte / Trachydacite

Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)
Intraplate / Intermediate crust (15-25 km)
Intraplate / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)
Rift zone / Intermediate crust (15-25 km)
Rift zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)
Subduction zone / Crustal thickness unknown
Subduction zone / Intermediate crust (15-25 km)
Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)
Unknown

Eocene
Holocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Paleocene
Pleistocene
Pliocene

0
1 - 10
11 - 100
101 - 1,000
1,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 1,000,000
> 1,000,000
Unknown

0
1 - 10
11 - 100
101 - 1,000
1,001 - 10,000
10,001 - 100,000
100,001 - 1,000,000
> 1,000,000
Unknown

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Unknown