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This statistical model of spatial density for volcanic vent locations (white circles) in the Nejapa volcano alignment on the western side of the Managua graben (Nicaragua) is superimposed on a shaded-relief digital elevation model (DEM)

Nejapa-Miraflores, Nicaragua, 2019

Figure 1 in: Connor, C. B., Connor, L. J., Germa, A., Richardson, J. A., Bebbington, M. S., Gallant, E., & Saballos, A. (2019). How to use kernel density estimation as a diagnostic and forecasting tool for distributed volcanic vents. Statistics in Volcanology, 4 (3). p. 1-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2163-338X.4.3



This hazard map is the result of scientific research and was published in academic literature. It is presented here to serve as an example of the map type or the map-making methodology. It is NOT the official, operational map. For the current operational hazard map, please consult the proper institutional authorities.


Click on image for full-size map. If link seems broken, try the archived version.

Map Data

Map ID3474
Hazard Process(es)Vent-opening hazards
Hazard Zone PresentationSingle hazard: A single hazard process is represented on a main map panel
Temporal ScaleBackground, or long-term, map
Spatial ScaleVolcano and surrounding area
Publication FormatFigure in a journal article
Zonation Method(s)Probabilistic modeling
Zonation Model(s)Unnamed KDE SAMSE vent-opening model [Connor et al. (2012)] (Connor et al. 2012)
Scenario(s) ConsideredSource location or direction; Specific past eruption
Hazard Zone Label(s)Estimated value or Hazard Impact Metric
Probability Definition(s)Numeric probability
PurposeScientific interest: Intended for scientific research and general scientific interest; usually published in academic journals
AudienceScientists (usually in scientific publication)
Language(s)English
Basemap(s)Hillshade
Basemap overlay(s)
DiemsionalityPlanimetric (2D or map) view
Color SchemeRed to Blue
Volcanic Alert Level System
Go to Global Volcanism Program page for Nejapa-Miraflores →