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Evacuation times to reach the safe zone based on walking speed of 3.3 km h^−1, assuming people start a maximum of 300 m from any path, with (a) one shelter and (b) two shelters

Etna, Italy, 2019

Figure 5 in: Osman, S., Rossi, E., Bonadonna, C., Frischknecht, C., Andronico, D., Cioni, R., & Scollo, S. (2019). Exposure-based risk assessment and emergency management associated with the fallout of large clasts at Mount Etna. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 19(3), 589-610. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-589-2019



This hazard map is the result of scientific research and was published in academic literature. It is presented here to serve as an example of the map type or the map-making methodology. It is NOT the official, operational map. For the current operational hazard map, please consult the proper institutional authorities.


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Map Set

Osman, S., Rossi, E., Bonadonna, C., Frischknecht, C., Andronico, D., Cioni, R., & Scollo, S. (2019). Exposure-based risk assessment and emergency management associated with the fallout of large clasts at Mount Etna. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 19(3), 589-610. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-589-2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-589-2019

Other Maps In Set:

Map Data

Map ID4058
Hazard Process(es)Tephra fall
Hazard Zone PresentationSingle hazard: A single hazard process is represented on a series of small map panels of similar sizes
Temporal ScaleBackground, or long-term, map
Spatial ScaleVolcano and surrounding area
Publication FormatFigure in a journal article
Zonation Method(s)Probabilistic modeling
Zonation Model(s)Unnamed tephra sedimentation model [Rossi et al. 2019] (Rossi et al. 2019)
Scenario(s) ConsideredSeason or weather; Size, VEI, or intensity; Specific past eruption
Hazard Zone Label(s)Access (exclusion, danger, or safe zones)
Probability Definition(s)Numeric probability
PurposeCrisis management and response: Intended to be used for managing, responding to, and taking action during an eruption; often includes evacuation routes, access restrictions, actions to take, etc.
AudienceScientists (usually in scientific publication)
Language(s)English
Basemap(s)Hillshade
Basemap overlay(s)Infrastructure map; Street map
DiemsionalityPlanimetric (2D or map) view
Color SchemeRed to Green
Go to Global Volcanism Program page for Etna →